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The system, more commonly called simply ''Five Mountain System'', was a network of state-sponsored Chan (Zen) Buddhist temples created in China during the Southern Song (1127–1279). The term "mountain" in this context means "temple" or "monastery", and was adopted because many monasteries were built on isolated mountains. The system originated in India and was later adopted also in Japan during the late Kamakura period (1185–1333).〔 In Japan, the ten existing "Five Mountain" temples (five in Kyoto and five in Kamakura, Kanagawa) were both protected and controlled by the shogunate.〔Iwanami Nihonshi Jiten, ''Gozan''.〕 In time, they became a sort of governmental bureaucracy that helped the Ashikaga shogunate stabilize the country during the turbulent Nanboku-chō period. Below the ten ''Gozan'' temples there were ten so-called temples, followed by another network called .〔 The terms ''Gozan'' and Five Mountain System are used both for the ten temples at the top and for the Five Mountain System network in general, including the ''Jissetsu'' and the ''Shozan''. There used to be in Kamakura a parallel "Five Mountain System" of nunneries called , of which the famous Tōkei-ji is the only survivor.〔 == The system in China == At the time of the Song dynasty, Chan (Japanese ''Zen'') was the dominant form of monasticism and had considerable imperial support.〔Johnston (2000:271)〕 This forced it to assume certain features and develop a network of monastic offices and rituals wanted by the state.〔 Around the 12th century, this tendency to monastic wealth and imperial patronage became even more pronounced with the creation by direct imperial order in South China of the Five Mountain and Ten Monasteries System during the late Southern Song (1127–1279).〔Harada (2007:41)〕〔 It was a system of state-sponsored temples and monasteries built to pray to the gods for the dynasty and the state, which was threatened by enemies from Northern China.〔〔 The system had at its top five famous temples and ten lesser ones immediately below.〔〔 Officials chose both the five temples of the top tier, and the chief priest that ruled over them.〔〔 The system was devised specifically to bureaucratize and control the power of the Chan temples, a power which had been growing with the years and worried the central government.〔 The consequent submission of the Chan network to imperial power and its goals is evident in later codes, particularly in the ''Baizhang qinggui'' compiled in 1336.〔 Because the conquering Mongols financially supported Chan, the code emphasizes prayers for the emperor and the monastic ancestors〔 The emperor is even described as a nirmanakaya, or incarnate Buddha.〔 The complex monastic bureaucracy described by the code clearly reflects the imperial administration with its eastern and western ranks.〔 The code has been in continuous use ever since, and not only within Chan Buddhism.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Five Mountain System」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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